tolman

Example:Cognitivists like Tolman focus on internal mental processes rather than external stimuli to understand behavior.

Definition:A theorist in psychology who focuses on mental processes such as perception, and problem-solving in the study of learning and behavior.

Example:While behaviorists believe in reinforcement and punishment, cognitive theorists like Tolman argue for the importance of symbolic reference and cognitive maps.

Definition:An opponent of cognitive theories, who focuses on studying how organisms learn by forming connections between stimuli and responses, often through reinforcement or punishment, rather than through cognitive processes.